From Noah to Abram
Notes
Transcript
text: Genesis 9:18-11:32
18 The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. And Ham was the father of Canaan.
19 These three were the sons of Noah, and from them the whole earth was populated.
20 Now Noah, a man of the soil, proceeded to plant a vineyard.
21 But when he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and uncovered himself inside his tent.
22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers outside.
23 Then Shem and Japheth took a garment and placed it across their shoulders, and walking backward, they covered their father’s nakedness. Their faces were turned away so that they did not see their father’s nakedness.
24 When Noah awoke from his drunkenness and learned what his youngest son had done to him,
25 he said, “Cursed be Canaan! A servant of servants shall he be to his brothers.”
26 He also declared: “Blessed be the LORD, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the servant of Shem.
27 May God expand the territory of Japheth; may he dwell in the tents of Shem, and may Canaan be his servant.”
28 After the flood, Noah lived 350 years.
29 So Noah lived a total of 950 years, and then he died.
1 This is the account of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth, who also had sons after the flood.
2 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras.
3 The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah.
4 And the sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, the Kittites, and the Rodanites.
5 From these, the maritime peoples separated into their territories, according to their languages, by clans within their nations.
6 The sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan.
7 The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabteca. And the sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan.
8 Cush was the father of Nimrod, who began to be a mighty one on the earth.
9 He was a mighty hunter before the LORD; so it is said, “Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the LORD.”
10 His kingdom began in Babylon, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
11 From that land he went forth into Assyria, where he built Nineveh, Rehoboth-Ir, Calah,
12 and Resen, which is between Nineveh and the great city of Calah.
13 Mizraim was the father of the Ludites, the Anamites, the Lehabites, the Naphtuhites,
14 the Pathrusites, the Casluhites (from whom the Philistines came), and the Caphtorites.
15 And Canaan was the father of Sidon his firstborn, and of the Hittites,
16 the Jebusites, the Amorites, the Girgashites,
17 the Hivites, the Arkites, the Sinites,
18 the Arvadites, the Zemarites, and the Hamathites. Later the Canaanite clans were scattered,
19 and the borders of Canaan extended from Sidon toward Gerar as far as Gaza, and then toward Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim, as far as Lasha.
20 These are the sons of Ham according to their clans, languages, lands, and nations.
21 And sons were also born to Shem, the older brother of Japheth; Shem was the forefather of all the sons of Eber.
22 The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram.
23 The sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash.
24 Arphaxad was the father of Shelah, and Shelah was the father of Eber.
25 Two sons were born to Eber: One was named Peleg, because in his days the earth was divided, and his brother was named Joktan.
26 And Joktan was the father of Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah,
27 Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah,
28 Obal, Abimael, Sheba,
29 Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. All these were sons of Joktan.
30 Their territory extended from Mesha to Sephar, in the eastern hill country.
31 These are the sons of Shem, according to their clans, languages, lands, and nations.
32 All these are the clans of Noah’s sons, according to their generations and nations. From these the nations of the earth spread out after the flood.
1 Now the whole world had one language and a common form of speech.
2 And as people journeyed eastward, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there.
3 And they said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” So they used brick instead of stone, and tar instead of mortar.
4 “Come,” they said, “let us build for ourselves a city with a tower that reaches to the heavens, that we may make a name for ourselves and not be scattered over the face of all the earth.”
5 Then the LORD came down to see the city and the tower that the sons of men were building.
6 And the LORD said, “If they have begun to do this as one people speaking the same language, then nothing they devise will be beyond them.
7 Come, let Us go down and confuse their language, so that they will not understand one another’s speech.”
8 So the LORD scattered them from there over the face of all the earth, and they stopped building the city.
9 That is why it is called Babel, for there the LORD confused the language of the whole world, and from that place the LORD scattered them over the face of all the earth.
10 This is the account of Shem. Two years after the flood, when Shem was 100 years old, he became the father of Arphaxad.
11 And after he had become the father of Arphaxad, Shem lived 500 years and had other sons and daughters.
12 When Arphaxad was 35 years old, he became the father of Shelah.
13 And after he had become the father of Shelah, Arphaxad lived 403 years and had other sons and daughters.
14 When Shelah was 30 years old, he became the father of Eber.
15 And after he had become the father of Eber, Shelah lived 403 years and had other sons and daughters.
16 When Eber was 34 years old, he became the father of Peleg.
17 And after he had become the father of Peleg, Eber lived 430 years and had other sons and daughters.
18 When Peleg was 30 years old, he became the father of Reu.
19 And after he had become the father of Reu, Peleg lived 209 years and had other sons and daughters.
20 When Reu was 32 years old, he became the father of Serug.
21 And after he had become the father of Serug, Reu lived 207 years and had other sons and daughters.
22 When Serug was 30 years old, he became the father of Nahor.
23 And after he had become the father of Nahor, Serug lived 200 years and had other sons and daughters.
24 When Nahor was 29 years old, he became the father of Terah.
25 And after he had become the father of Terah, Nahor lived 119 years and had other sons and daughters.
26 When Terah was 70 years old, he became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran.
27 This is the account of Terah. Terah became the father of Abram, Nahor, and Haran. And Haran became the father of Lot.
28 During his father Terah’s lifetime, Haran died in his native land, in Ur of the Chaldeans.
29 And Abram and Nahor took wives for themselves. Abram’s wife was named Sarai, and Nahor’s wife was named Milcah; she was the daughter of Haran, who was the father of both Milcah and Iscah.
30 But Sarai was barren; she had no children.
31 And Terah took his son Abram, his grandson Lot son of Haran, and his daughter-in-law Sarai the wife of Abram, and they set out from Ur of the Chaldeans for the land of Canaan. But when they arrived in Haran, they settled there.
32 Terah lived 205 years, and he died in Haran.
PRAY
Introduction:
After God wiped out the world with the flood and renewed His covenant with Noah, we might be hopeful regarding the future of humanity. We have a chance to start over, it seems. But our hopes are quickly dashed when we find righteous Noah drunk and naked in his tent.
It is not a pretty picture. In fact, it is like…
A New Fall into Sin
A New Fall into Sin
I attempted to show last week from the story of God’s covenant with Noah that Noah is being presented as a new Adam and the post-flood world is a type of new creation. But not only is Noah like Adam in receiving God’s covenant and being part of the beginning of a new creation, he is also like Adam in his sin here in Genesis 9. In this passage, Noah's sin is presented as being like Adam’s in many ways.
Consider 5 similarities between Adam and Noah presented in this passage (v. 20-25):
Noah, like Adam, was a gardener
Noah, like Adam, was a gardener
(Genesis 2:8, 15; 9:20)
8 And the LORD God planted a garden in Eden, in the east, where He placed the man He had formed.
15 Then the LORD God took the man and placed him in the Garden of Eden to cultivate and keep it.
20 Now Noah, a man of the soil, proceeded to plant a vineyard.
Noah’s sin, like Adam, included partaking of fruit
Noah’s sin, like Adam, included partaking of fruit
(Gen 3:6; 9:21)
6 When the woman saw that the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eyes, and that it was desirable for obtaining wisdom, she took the fruit and ate it. She also gave some to her husband who was with her, and he ate it.
21 But when he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and uncovered himself inside his tent.
Noah’s sin, like Adam’s, resulted in the shame of nakedness
Noah’s sin, like Adam’s, resulted in the shame of nakedness
(Gen 3:6-7; 9:21-22)
7 And the eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked; so they sewed together fig leaves and made coverings for themselves.
21 But when he drank some of its wine, he became drunk and uncovered himself inside his tent. 22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers outside.
Noah’s nakedness, like Adam’s, had to be covered by a garment
Noah’s nakedness, like Adam’s, had to be covered by a garment
(Gen 3:21; 9:23)
21 And the LORD God made garments of skin for Adam and his wife, and He clothed them.
23 Then Shem and Japheth took a garment and placed it across their shoulders, and walking backward, they covered their father’s nakedness. Their faces were turned away so that they did not see their father’s nakedness.
Noah’s sin, like Adam’s, resulted in a curse
Noah’s sin, like Adam’s, resulted in a curse
(Gen 3:14-19; 9:24-25)
14 So the LORD God said to the serpent: “Because you have done this, cursed are you above all livestock and every beast of the field! On your belly will you go, and dust you will eat, all the days of your life.
17 And to Adam He said: “Because you have listened to the voice of your wife and have eaten from the tree of which I commanded you not to eat, cursed is the ground because of you; through toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.
24 When Noah awoke from his drunkenness and learned what his youngest son had done to him, 25 he said, “Cursed be Canaan! A servant of servants shall he be to his brothers.”
These 5 similarities show us that Moses is presenting Noah as a new Adam, who not only received God’s covenant promises like Adam, but also tragically, like his ancestor, fell into shameful sin.
And this shows us…
Christ from Beginning to End: How the Full Story of Scripture Reveals the Full Glory of Christ Looking Ahead: A Foretaste of What’s to Come
As faithful as he was, Noah wasn’t the son of Eve who would turn back sin and death. Noah himself needed a redeemer.
Christ from Beginning to End: How the Full Story of Scripture Reveals the Full Glory of Christ Looking Ahead: A Foretaste of What’s to Come
Salvation will come in due course, and it will come through God’s provision of a godly seed. With Noah intoxicated and naked in his tent, we are left to wonder how the promise of
Ham’s Sin
22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers outside.
We don’t know the exact nature of what happened between Noah and his son Ham, although the text seems to indicate some kind of sexual sin on Ham’s part. In addition to whatever sexual sin may have occurred, Ham also seems to boast about it to his brothers, and so publicly shames his father. This reminds me of Cain’s descendant Lamech who boasted to his wives about killing some men.
And so Ham’s line (especially his son Canaan, but also Egypt) are being presented as the seed of the serpent by the curse being pronounced against them. Notice that twice before the curse Moses mentions that Ham is the father of Canaan:
18 The sons of Noah who came out of the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. And Ham was the father of Canaan.
22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw his father’s nakedness and told his two brothers outside.
This seems out of place since no other descendants of Noah’s sons are mentioned until the next chapter. But it prepares us for the curse pronounced on Canaan in v. 25:
25 he said, “Cursed be Canaan! A servant of servants shall he be to his brothers.”
Noah then pronounces a blessing on his other sons, Shem and Japheth in v. 26-27:
26 He also declared: “Blessed be the LORD, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the servant of Shem. 27 May God expand the territory of Japheth; may he dwell in the tents of Shem, and may Canaan be his servant.”
The distinction (cursing and blessing) being made here ought to take our minds back to God’s promise in Genesis 3:15
15 And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her seed. He will crush your head, and you will strike his heel.”
God’s curse rests on the serpent and his seed, and His blessing rests on the seed of the woman. Noah’s words (“Cursed be Canaan”) mark Ham’s descendants as the seed of the serpent, just as we saw with Cain and his descendants in Genesis 4.
God had told Cain,
11 Now you are cursed and banished from the ground, which has opened its mouth to receive your brother’s blood from your hand.
And through Noah He says of Canaan,
25 he said, “Cursed be Canaan! A servant of servants shall he be to his brothers.”
This takes us back to the curse on the serpent in Gen 3:14
14 So the LORD God said to the serpent: “Because you have done this, cursed are you above all livestock and every beast of the field! On your belly will you go, and dust you will eat, all the days of your life.
Canaan is in the line of the seed of the serpent, just as Cain was.
And Shem is in the line of the seed of the woman.
The blessing pronounced over Shem indicates that God’s promise regarding the seed of the woman will come through Shem’s line, which will be traced for us in ch. 11.
26 He also declared: “Blessed be the LORD, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the servant of Shem.
This passage is also significant because of the historical context of those for whom it was written. Moses was writing these things for the people of Israel shortly before they are going to enter the Promised Land. Moses is showing the people of Israel that Canaan and his descendants are the seed of the serpent, under God’s curse, and Israel, descended from Shem, is the collective seed of the woman, under God’s blessing.
By expressing these truths, Moses is preparing the people of Israel for their conquest of the land of Canaan. God had promised war between the seed of the serpent and the seed of the woman, and He had indicated that victory would belong to the seed of the woman.
This also helps us understand some statements made later in Genesis. In Genesis 24:3, Abraham charges his servant not to take a wife for Isaac from among the Canaanites, and Isaac and Rebekah express the same concern for their son Jacob. Because Canaan was under God’s curse, they dared not entangle themselves in God’s curse by intermarrying with them.
Noah’s Death
Genesis 9 ends with the announcement of Noah’s death, reminding us of the repeated refrain from Genesis 5, “and then he died.”
28 After the flood, Noah lived 350 years. 29 So Noah lived a total of 950 years, and then he died.
Interestingly, although Noah’s death is recorded at the end of chapter 9, closing out the account of his life, if you do the math regarding his descendants in chapter 11, Noah was still alive when Abram was born 292 years after the flood, and he lived until Abram was 58. So it’s possible that Abram knew Noah personally.
Chapter 10
Now, chapter 10 may not seem like a particularly interesting chapter to you. It consists mostly of a bunch of names of people and places that are hard to pronounce. What is the point of it? Why is this in the Bible?
It’s not just here to give you a list of names to choose from when you have kids. That may be one use of it, although I haven’t met many people named Ashkenaz, Magog, Sabteca, Arphaxad, Gether, or Mash.
One reason we’re given all of these names is to show us that people were…
Being Fruitful and Multiplying
Being Fruitful and Multiplying
As God had commanded, Noah’s sons became very fruitful, and people began to flourish on earth again.
God had told them,
1 And God blessed Noah and his sons and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth.
We had already read in Gen 9:19 that the whole earth was populated from Noah’s three sons.
19 These three were the sons of Noah, and from them the whole earth was populated.
The Descendants of Shem, Ham, and Japheth
1 This is the account of Noah’s sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth, who also had sons after the flood.
In chapter 10, we find first a couple of generations descended from Japheth in v. 2-5, then 3 generations of Ham’s descendants in v. 6-20, then 5 generations of Shem’s descendants in v. 21-31.
So Japheth’s list is the shortest and only includes 2 generations after him; Ham’s list is the longest, but only includes 3 generations after him; Shem’s list contains 5 generations after him.
Another reason that all these names are presented here is that many of these names or people groups come up later in Scripture in relation to the people of Israel. And sadly, many, especially those of the line of Ham, are acting as seed of the serpent, in opposition to the seed of the woman. Many of them come up later in the OT as enemies of Israel.
The other major story that takes place in these chapters is the Tower of Babel, which we find at the beginning of ch. 11. But before we get there, we need to see some connections to this story in ch. 10.
The Tower of Babel
The Tower of Babel
There are some hints for us in ch. 10 regarding the story of the Tower of Babel.
Nimrod
We read in v. 8-10 of Ham’s descendant Nimrod, “a mighty hunter before the LORD.” That word “before” could also be translated “in defiance of”, implying his rebellion against God.
8 Cush was the father of Nimrod, who began to be a mighty one on the earth. 9 He was a mighty hunter before the LORD; so it is said, “Like Nimrod, a mighty hunter before the LORD.”
And it tells us in v. 10,
10 His kingdom began in Babylon, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar.
The land of Shinar will be mentioned in ch. 11 as the place where the Tower of Babel was built. More importantly, the Hebrew word here translated Babylon is simply Bavel, the same word translated Babel in chapter 11. Babel and Babylon are the same place. This means that Ham’s descendant Nimrod was likely involved in building the tower of Babel, and given his prominent status as a mighty warrior, he may have also been a leader in building the tower.
Scattered
Second, in v. 18 at the end we read that …
18 … Later the Canaanite clans were scattered,
This is the passive form of the verb used in Genesis 11:8 where it says that the LORD was the one who scattered them. So the scattering here is likely the scattering that the LORD caused by confusing their languages. This also indicates that it was perhaps especially the descendants of Ham who were involved in building the tower.
The earth was divided
Finally, we read of Peleg in v. 25, in whose days the earth was divided.
25 Two sons were born to Eber: One was named Peleg, because in his days the earth was divided, and his brother was named Joktan.
Peleg’s name means division, and he was given this name because the earth was divided “in his days,” perhaps referring to sometime near his birth. The division of the earth mentioned here again is likely the scattering that the LORD caused when He confused their languages at the Tower of Babel.
When we compare this passage with the genealogy of ch. 11, it seems that the incident at the Tower of Babel happened approximately 100 years after the flood.
The Tower of Babel
Let’s work through this story of Babel now:
Before we get into it, let me just mention that this passage (like many others in Genesis) is a chiasm, with parallel ideas at the beginning and end, and what is being emphasized is what is in the middle, in v. 5.
One language, one place --> many languages, many places
1 Now the whole world had one language and a common form of speech. 2 And as people journeyed eastward, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there.
So the story begins with these people all speaking the same language and settling in the same place; now notice the parallel and opposite idea at the end:
8 So the LORD scattered them from there over the face of all the earth, and they stopped building the city. 9 That is why it is called Babel, for there the LORD confused the language of the whole world, and from that place the LORD scattered them over the face of all the earth.
Now they’re all speaking different languages and settling in many different places.
Come, let us…
Now notice the second set of parallels in v. 3-4 and 6-7.
3 And they said to one another, “Come, let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly.” So they used brick instead of stone, and tar instead of mortar. 4 “Come,” they said, “let us build for ourselves a city with a tower that reaches to the heavens, that we may make a name for ourselves and not be scattered over the face of all the earth.”
Notice the repetition of that phrase, “Come, let us…” They express their intention to do what they want to do. In this case, to build a tall tower, to make themselves look great, and to avoid being scattered.
And then the parallel in v. 6-7:
6 And the LORD said, “If they have begun to do this as one people speaking the same language, then nothing they devise will be beyond them. 7 Come, let Us go down and confuse their language, so that they will not understand one another’s speech.”
Through God’s common grace, people are able to achieve amazing things, especially when they work together. Even just looking back at the last 100 years, the advancements in technology and what people can accomplish are just astounding. You’ve probably even heard that Elon Musk is making plans to colonize Mars. I don’t know if he’ll succeed in that, but even the fact that it is a consideration at all is a testament to the remarkable ability God has given to humans.
Sadly, all too often, humans use their amazing abilities to oppose God and His purposes, and so God must also oppose them.
Here we find God repeating the same words, “Come, let us”, expressing His intention to put a stop to their sinful opposition to Him. He did this by confusing their languages so that they couldn’t understand each other. They were going along working on the tower and all of a sudden in the middle of their conversations,
empezaron a hablar otros idiomas y no podian entender a las otras personas … vayyafets Yahweh ‘otam mishsham ‘al p’nei khal ha’arets. (וַיָּ֨פֶץ יְהוָ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם מִשָּׁ֖ם עַל־פְּנֵ֣י כָל־הָאָ֑רֶץ)
(Confused expressions) - yeah, that’s probably about the look everyone had on their faces.
(That was a mix of Spanish and Hebrew for those who were wondering)
The LORD came down…
Right in the middle of this story, Moses is emphasizing the phrase, “Then the LORD came down…”
5 Then the LORD came down to see the city and the tower that the sons of men were building.
As far as these people were concerned, they thought themselves to be great, and they sought to display their greatness by building a tower that reached up to the heavens.
But as far as God is concerned, they are so insignificant and their tower is so small, that He has to stoop down to take a look at it.
The people in this story were proud, seeking to exalt themselves instead of God. They were also disobedient, rebelling against God’s command to spread out over the earth.
But God showed that He is sovereign - He is in control, and as much as humans seek to exalt themselves and rebel against Him, He will have the final word.
From Shem to Abram
From Shem to Abram
Genesis 11:10-26 traces the line of descent from Noah’s son Shem through Abram, later renamed Abraham.
A couple of observations:
Shorter lifespans
Notice that the people in this list are living considerably shorter lives than those in Genesis 5. By the end of Genesis 11, it seems that the average lifespan is dropping to somewhere between 100-200 years, as opposed to 800 or 900 in Genesis 5.
Abram’s grandfather Nahor (Gen 11:24-25) only lived 148 years.
24 When Nahor was 29 years old, he became the father of Terah. 25 And after he had become the father of Terah, Nahor lived 119 years and had other sons and daughters.
Earlier fatherhood
Notice also that each of these men is also having children at a younger age. Most of them are in the range of 30 years, as opposed to Genesis 5 where the average was over 100. Generations are coming quickly, and there is significant overlap of these generations. Shem, who lived 500 years after the flood, actually outlived many of his descendants, including Abram.
Faith in God’s Promise
The special attention given to this line of descent shows faith in God’s promise regarding the seed of the woman. Just like the genealogy of Genesis 5, this one is tracing the line of the promised seed. Once we get to Genesis 12, we’ll learn that God’s promise to redeem and restore humanity will be fulfilled through the line of Abram.
Abram’s Family
Abram’s Family
The last section of Genesis 11 gives us some more detail about Abram’s family, setting the stage for what God is about to do in the next chapter.
Ur of the Chaldeans was Abram’s native land where he grew up.
28 During his father Terah’s lifetime, Haran died in his native land, in Ur of the Chaldeans.
His brother Haran died young, leaving a son named Lot. We learn later from Genesis 12:4 that Abram took care of his brothers son.
Abram and his other brother Nahor were married. Nahor’s wife bore two children, but Abram’s wife Sarai was barren, unable to bear children.
30 But Sarai was barren; she had no children.
This is the first mention in Scripture of a woman being barren. Her inability to bear children was effectively like the death of the family line. How can Abram be in the line of God’s promised seed if his wife cannot conceive?
But as we will soon see, God can do what is humanly impossible.
This chapter leaves us with a sense of anticipation. God is still bringing about the fulfillment of His promise through the line of the seed of the woman. And God is about to do something really, really big.
But you’ll have to come back next week to find out. (Or just read the next chapter!)
Jesus Christ, the Last Adam
Jesus Christ, the Last Adam
Like Adam, Noah also sinned. The flood did not solve the problem of human sin and depravity. As righteous as Noah was, he is not the ultimate fulfillment of God’s promise. But God is faithful to His Word, and He is working to bring about the fulfillment of His promise, which we see in the tracing of the line from Noah to Abram. God is going to do what He said! Not in the way or at the time that any of them or any of us would have expected.
In 1 Corinthians 15:45, Paul refers to Jesus Christ as “the last Adam.” This implies, of course, that we ought to recognize several “Adams” before Him, beyond the first man Adam in Genesis 1-2. Today we’ve seen again that Noah is presented as a new Adam, a new representative of humanity. Like his forefather, he also failed to perfectly obey God.
We’ll see that others, including Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, the nation of Israel, and King David are likewise presented as new Adams, yet each of them also failed to perfectly keep God’s covenants. In each case, we are left longing for someone yet to come. And He has come!
At just the right time, God sent His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law. Jesus succeeded where Adam and Noah failed. He was the perfect, obedient Son of God that they failed to be. He alone could truthfully say, “I always do what pleases the Father.” He never sinned, and He died to atone for our sins. By God’s grace, through faith in Jesus’s perfect life, death, and resurrection for us we receive God’s promised gift of eternal life in Him.
If you have not yet trusted in Him, come to Him today. He is an amazing Savior and King.
And believers, let us marvel at God’s amazing plan and the beautiful story of Scripture that reveals the glory of Christ.
PRAY
